Derechos de la infancia

Solapas principales

Caselaw

La Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) recibió una petición en favor de las niñas Dilcia Yean y Violeta Bosica contra la República Dominicana por haber negado la nacionalidad a las niñas a pesar de haber nacido en ese territorio. Los peticionarios señalaron que debido a la falta de reconocimiento de la nacionalidad, las niñas estaban expuestas al peligro inminente de ser expulsadas del país y que no podían ingresar a la escuela por carecer de un documento de identificación.

La Defensora Oficial de Menores de la Provincia de Neuquén,  interpuso una acción de amparo a fin de garantizar la salud de los niños y jóvenes de la comunidad indígena mapuche Paynemil afectados por el consumo de agua contaminada con plomo y mercurio. En la acción solicitó que se obligue al Estado a proveer agua potable en cantidad necesaria para la supervivencia de la población afectada, a realizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los menores afectados, y adoptar las medidas pertinentes para impedir en lo sucesivo la contaminación del suelo y el agua.

South Africa is in the midst of an HIV/AIDS epidemic with more than 6 million people infected.    In 2,000, with infections of newborns in the range of 80,000 per year, the anti-retroviral drug Nevirapine offered the potential of preventing the infection of 30 – 40,000 children per year.  The drug was offered to the Government for free for five years, but the South African Government announced it would introduce Mother-To-Child-Transmission (MTCT) only in certain pilot sites and would delay setting these up for a year, thereby denying most mothers access to treatment.  The Treatment Action

A community of squatters, evicted from an informal settlement in Wallacedene had set up minimal shelters of plastic and other materials at a sports centre adjacent to Wallacedene community centre. They lacked basic sanitation or electricity. The group brought an action under sections 26(the right of access to adequate housing) and 28 (children's right to basic shelter) of the South African Constitution for action by various levels of government.

An action was filed by several minors represented by their parents against the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to cancel existing timber license agreements in the country and to stop issuance of new ones. It was claimed that the resultant deforestation and damage to the environment violated their constitutional rights to a balanced and healthful ecology and to health (Sections 16 and 15, Article II of the Constitution).   The petitioners asserted that they represented others of their generation as well as generations yet unborn.

The applicants were permanent residents in South Africa. They challenged legislative provisions, which limited entitlement to social grants for the aged to South African citizens, and would prevent children of non-South African citizens in the same position as the applicants from claiming any of the childcare grants available to South African children (regardless of the citizenship-status of the children themselves).  

FIDH claimed that France had violated the right to medical assistance (Article 13 of Revised European Social Charter) by ending the exemption of illegal immigrants, with very low incomes, from charges for medical and hospital treatment. Further, the complainant alleged the rights of children to protection (Article 17) were contravened by a 2002 legislative reform that restricted access to medical services for children of illegal immigrants. The Committee found that France had acted contrary to the rights of children, but not adults.

The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) alleged that a large number of children in Portugal (estimated at 200,000 children) worked in poor conditions that affected their health. The ICJ claimed that Portugal was violating article 7(1) of the European Social Charter (ESC) by failing to properly supervise child labour. The government disputed the ICJ's statistics, claiming a maximum of 27,000 children worked and only 2,500 children were paid workers and employed in contravention of the Charter.

La Defensora Oficial de Menores de la Provincia de Neuquén denunció ante la CIDH la violación del derecho de todo niño a las medidas de protección que su condición de menor requiere, de los derechos a la salud, al medio ambiente sano, a la propiedad de la tierra, y a la provisión de recursos judiciales efectivos. La Defensora Oficial había interpuesto una acción de amparo a fin de garantizar la salud de los niños y jóvenes de la comunidad indígena mapuche Paynemil afectados por el consumo de agua contaminada con plomo y mercurio.

The Bhe judgment concerned three related cases (Bhe, SAHRC and Shibi), which were decided together. In the first action, the father of applicants, Nonkuleleko and Anelisa Bhe (aged 9 and 2), had died, and the mother (the third applicant) brought an action to secure the deceased's property for her daughters. Under the African customary law rule of primogeniture as well as section 23 of the Black Administration Act, the house became the property of the eldest male relative of the father, in this case the grandfather.