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The five Ws—Who, What, Where, When and Why—have long guided journalists in making sense of complex events. During ESCR-Net’s Political Education Learning Series on the Political Economy of Violence, I suggested that these same questions, together with How, can also help us understand something far more complex: the political economy of violence. Drawing on the experience of the Philippines, I used this framework to explore violence not as a collection of isolated incidents, but as a political and economic system.

As shifts in global power reshape the international order, movements are confronting new forms of militarization, extraction, and corporate power. The first in a series emerging from ESCR-Net’s Political Education Learning Series, Power, Repression, and Collective Struggle in a Changing World System, this article draws on collective reflections to explore what these transformations mean for struggles for economic, social, cultural, and environmental justice across regions.

On 5–6 June 2026, more than 100 Women Environmental and Human Rights Defenders (WEHRDs), grassroots women leaders, journalists, and activists gathered in Bali, Indonesia for the Women’s Summit 2026.