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The five Ws—Who, What, Where, When and Why—have long guided journalists in making sense of complex events. During ESCR-Net’s Political Education Learning Series on the Political Economy of Violence, I suggested that these same questions, together with How, can also help us understand something far more complex: the political economy of violence. Drawing on the experience of the Philippines, I used this framework to explore violence not as a collection of isolated incidents, but as a political and economic system.

As shifts in global power reshape the international order, movements are confronting new forms of militarization, extraction, and corporate power. The first in a series emerging from ESCR-Net’s Political Education Learning Series, Power, Repression, and Collective Struggle in a Changing World System, this article draws on collective reflections to explore what these transformations mean for struggles for economic, social, cultural, and environmental justice across regions.

This is a Political Education Learning Series by ESCR-Net.